Energy Transition in the Middle East – New Opportunities for Business and Investment from Changing Energy Policy in the MENA Region – MEED Insights

1. Energy transition in the Middle East

2. COP 26 and the struggle to stop climate change

2.1 COP 26 and the UN climate change agreement

2.1.1 The role of the COP

2.1.2 Notable COP meetings

2.2 The objectives of COP 26

2.3 Key players and their policies

2.3.1 China

2.3.2 United States

2.3.3 India

2.3.4 European Union

2.3.5 Russia

2.3.6 Indonesia

2.3.7 Brazil

2.3.8 Japan

3. The global energy transition

3.1 The outlook for energy demand

3.1.1 Net zero pledges

3.1.2 Alternative scenarios

3.2 The future of Middle East utilities

3.2.1 Renewables reshape global energy

3.2.2 The future of Middle East utilities

3.2.3 Energy storage game changer

3.2.4 Regional interconnection

3.3 Energy storage and grid integration

3.3.1 Storage

3.3.2 Hydrogen storage

3.4 Digitalisation and smart grids

3.4.1 Digitalisation of energy

3.4.2 Smart grids

3.5 New fuels and the cost of energy

3.5.1 Biofuels

3.5.2 Hydrogen and other low-carbon gases

3.5.3 Cost factors

3.6 Key players in the Middle East energy transition

3.6.1 Algeria

3.6.2 Egypt

3.6.3 Jordan

3.6.4 Morocco

3.6.5 Saudi Arabia

3.6.6 UAE

3.7 Key projects in the region and around the world

4. Future transport

4.1 The electrification of transport

4.1.1 Road transport

4.1.2 Rail

4.1.3 Aviation

4.1.4 Shipping

4.1.5 Challenges to electrification

4.2 The electrification of transport in the Middle East

4.3 Key initiatives and projects

4.3.1 Egypt / public transport

4.3.2 Iran / electrification of rail network

4.3.3 Morocco / high-speed rail

4.3.4 Qatar / electric buses

4.3.5 Saudi Arabia / Lucid motors

4.3.6 Saudi Arabia / Neom

5. Renewable energy in the Middle East

5.1 National targets

5.1.1 Algeria

5.1.2 Bahrain

5.1.3 Egypt

5.1.4 Iran

5.1.5 Iraq

5.1.6 Jordan

5.1.7 Kuwait

5.1.8 Morocco

5.1.9 Oman

5.1.10 Qatar

5.1.11 Saudi Arabia

5.1.12 Syria

5.1.13 Tunisia

5.1.14 UAE

5.2 Key organisations in Middle East renewables

5.2.1 Algeria

5.2.2 Bahrain

5.2.3 Egypt

5.2.4 Iran

5.2.5 Iraq

5.2.6 Jordan

5.2.7 Kuwait

5.2.8 Morocco

5.2.9 Oman

5.2.10 Qatar

5.2.11 Saudi Arabia

5.2.12 Syria

5.2.13 Tunisia

5.2.14 UAE

5.3 Key renewable energy projects in the Middle East

5.3.1 Solar energy projects

5.3.2 Wind energy projects

5.3.3 Waste-to-energy projects

5.3.4 Hydrogen projects

6. Middle East energy investment trends

6.1 Energy investment outlook improves

6.1.1 Apicorp report: Mena Energy Investment Outlook 2021-25

6.1.2 Investing in power

6.1.3 Renewables investment

6.1.4 Solar and wind investment

6.1.5 Investing in energy storage

6.1.6 Investing in hydrogen and ammonia

6.1.7 Natural gas investment

6.1.8 Petrochemicals investments

6.2 Mena energy transition contract award trends

6.2.1 Decline in oil and gas power awards

6.2.2 Surge in solar power generation awards

6.2.3 Turkish coal

6.2.4 Oil project investment declines dramatically

6.2.5 Gas contract awards surge

6.2.6 Chemical project investment

7. Hydrogen leads plans for green recovery from Covid-19

7.1 Green hydrogen emerges

7.2 Green hydrogen opportunities and projects

7.2.1 Opportunities for hydrogen fuel

7.2.2 Overcoming obstacles to hydrogen fuel

7.2.3 Middle east region eyes green hydrogen as future fuel

7.2.4 Green hydrogen projects in the Middle East

7.2.4.1 Helios Green Fuels Project, Neom

7.2.4.2 Green Hydrogen and Ammonia Facility, Duqm

7.2.4.3 Green hydrogen power facility, Duqm

7.2.4.4 Green fuels project, Oman

7.2.4.5 Hyport Duqm, Oman

7.2.4.6 Green Ammonia Facility at Kizad

7.2.4.7 Waste-to-Hydrogen Plant in Sharjah

7.2.4.8 Masdar City: Green Hydrogen Demonstrator Plant

7.2.4.9 Taqa – Abu Dhabi Ports green Ammonia Facility

7.2.4.10 Dewa green hydrogen pilot project

7.2.5 Green hydrogen players in the Middle East and North Africa

7.3 Outlook for hydrogen supply and demand

7.3.1 Green hydrogen market potential

7.3.2 Competing with fossil fuels

7.3.3 Infrastructure and supply chains

7.3.4 Staying competitive

7.3.5 Pushing down prices

7.3.6 Gulf nears hydrogen benchmark

7.3.7 Aramco’s hydrogen expansion

7.3.8 Saudi’s hydrogen pipeline plans

7.3.9 Investment in hydrogen

7.3.10 Regulatory framework

7.3.11 Grid integration

7.4 Outlook for hydrogen supply and demand

7.4.1 Saudi Arabia’s hydrogen pact with Germany

7.4.2 Belgian firm and Egypt sign hydrogen agreement

7.4.3 Adnoc and GS Energy to explore hydrogen opportunities

7.4.4 Aramco signs hydrogen cooperation deal with Hyundai

7.4.5 Hinicio studies hydrogen feasibility in Oman

7.4.6 Hydrogen vehicles in the UAE

7.4.7 Abu Dhabi Hydrogen Alliance

Strategies for Middle East oil

8.1 The future of fossil fuel: Long term outlook for oil and gas demand

8.1.1 Mixed forecasts for peak demand

8.1.1.1 McKinsey

8.1.1.2 Equinor

8.1.1.3 BP

8.1.1.4 Bernstein Energy

8.1.1.5 Rystad Energy

8.1.1.6 IEA

8.1.1.7 Vitol

8.1.1.8 Goldman Sachs

8.1.1.9 Wood Mackenzie

8.1.1.10 Opec

8.2 The future of fossil fuel. Long term outlook for oil and gas demand

8.2.1 The outlook for oil and gas revenues in the Mena region

8.2.2 Regional competitiveness

8.2.3 Sustained Mena production

8.2.4 Comparing scenarios

8.2.5 Geopolitical considerations

8.2.6 Oil economy outlook

8.3 The future of fossil fuel. Long term outlook for oil and gas demand

8.3.1 How Middle East NOCs are responding to the energy transition

8.3.1.1 Saudi Aramco

8.3.1.2 Adnoc

8.3.1.3 Kuwait Petroleum Corporation

8.3.1.4 Qatar Petroleum

8.3.1.5 Bahrain Petroleum Company

8.3.1.6 Oman

8.3.1.7 Iraq’s NOCs

8.3.1.8 Sonatrach

8.3.1.9 Egypt

8.3.1.10 Libya’s National Oil Corporation

9. Algeria

9.1 Overview

9.2 Structure

9.3 Renewable capacity and generation

9.3.1 Installed renewable capacity

9.3.2 Renewable power generation

9.3.3 Generation capacity challenges

9.4 Renewable energy policy

9.5 Projects

9.5.1 Renewable projects under execution

9.5.2 Upcoming renewable projects

9.6 Key contacts

10. Bahrain

10.1 Market overview

10.1.1 Impact of Covid-19

10.2 Market structure

10.2.1 Government

10.3 Renewable capacity and generation

10.3.1 Installed renewable capacity

10.3.2 Renewable power generation

10.4 Renewable energy policy

10.4.1 Renewable energy plans and targets

10.4.2 Public-Private partnerships

10.4.3 Renewable Energy Certificate (REC)

10.4.4 Wind projects

10.5 Projects

10.6 Key contacts

11. Egypt.

11.1 Market overview

11.2 Market structure

11.2.1 Government

11.3 Renewable capacity and generation

11.4 Renewable energy policy

11.4.1 Fuel and alternative energy

11.4.2 Targets

11.4.3 Feed-in tariff (FIT) programme

11.4.4 Renewables procurement models

11.5 Projects

11.5.1 Solar power projects

11.5.2 Wind power projects

11.6 Key contacts

12. Iran

12.1 Overview

12.2 Structure

12.2.1 Government

12.2.2 Private sector

12.3 Renewable capacity and generation

12.3.1 Installed renewable capacity

12.3.2 Renewable power generation

12.4 Renewable energy policy

12.4.1 Fuel & alternative energy

12.5 Projects

12.5.1 Solar projects

12.5.2 Wind projects

12.5.3 Waste-to-energy projects

12.6 Key contacts

13. Iraq

13.1 Overview

13.2 Structure

13.2.1 Government

13.2.2 Private sector

13.3 Renewable capacity and generation

13.3.1 Installed renewable capacity

13.3.2 Renewable power generation

13.4 Renewable energy policy

13.5 KRG region

13.5.1 Overview

13.5.2 Structure

13.5.3 Renewable energy policy

13.6 Projects

13.6.1 Renewable projects planned and underway

13.7 Key contacts

14. Jordan

14.1 Market overview

14.1.1 Impact of Covid-19

14.2 Market structure

14.2.1 Government

14.2.2 Private power

14.2.3 Sector reform

14.3 Renewable capacity and generation

14.3.1 Installed renewable capacity

14.3.2 Renewable power generation

14.4 Renewable energy policy

14.5 Projects

14.5.1 Major renewable projects under execution

14.5.2 Upcoming renewable energy projects

14.5.3 Renewable projects (operation/completed)

14.5.4 Storage project

14.5.5 International electrical interconnection

14.6 Key contacts

15. Kuwait

15.1 Market overview

15.2 Market structure

15.2.1 Government

15.2.2 Private sector

15.2.3 Sector reform

15.3 Renewable capacity and generation

15.3.1 Installed renewable capacity

15.3.2 Renewable power generation

15.4 Renewable energy policy

15.4.1 Renewable energy status in Kuwait

15.5 Projects

15.5.1 Major upcoming renewable energy projects

15.5.2 Major cancelled/on hold renewable projects

15.5.4 Other renewable energy initiatives

15.6 Key contacts

16. Morocco

16.1 Market overview

16.1.1 Impact of Covid-19

16.2 Market structure

16.2.1 Government

16.2.2 Private power

16.2.3 Sector reform

16.3 Renewable capacity and generation

16.3.1 Installed renewable capacity and generation

16.3.2 Challenges

16.4 Renewable energy policy

16.4.1 Solar power

16.4.2 Wind power

16.5 Projects

16.5.1 Solar projects under execution

16.5.2 Upcoming solar projects

16.5.3 Wind power projects

16.5.4 Waste-to-energy project

16.5.5 Hydro power projects

16.6 Key contacts

17. Oman

17.1 Overview

17.2 Structure

17.2.1 Government

17.2.2 Private sector

17.3 Renewable capacity and generation

17.3.1 Installed renewable capacity

17.3.2 Renewable power generation

17.4 Renewable energy policy

17.4.1 Targets

17.5 Projects

17.5.1 Renewable projects under execution

17.5.2 Upcoming renewable projects

15.6 Key contacts

18. Qatar

18.1 Market overview

18.2 Market structure

18.2.1 Government

18.2.2 Private power programme

18.3 Renewable capacity and generation

18.3.1 Installed renewable capacity

18.3.2 Renewable power generation

18.3.3 Solar potential

18.4 Renewable energy policy

18.4.1 Targets and initiatives

18.5 Projects

18.6 Key contacts

19. Saudi Arabia

19.1 Market overview

19.2 Market structure

19.2.1 Government

19.2.2 Private power

19.3 Renewable capacity and generation

19.4 Renewable energy policy

19.4.1 Historical overview

19.5 Projects

19.5.1 Saudi Arabia plans CSP project

19.5.2 National Renewable Energy Programme

19.5.3 Smart grid implementation

19.5.4 Carbon trading scheme and other emission

19.5.5 Storage project

19.6 Key contacts

20. Syria

20.1 Market overview

20.1.1 Impact of Covid-19

20.2 Market structure

20.3 Renewable capacity and generation

20.3.1 Installed renewable capacity

20.3.2 Renewable power generation

20.4 Renewable energy policy

20.5 Projects

20.6 Key contacts

21. Tunisia

21.1 Market overview

21.1.1 Impact of Covid-19

21.2 Market structure

21.2.1 Government

21.2.2 Private power

21.2.3 Sector reform

21.3 Renewable capacity and generation

21.3.1 Installed renewable capacity

21.3.2 Renewable power generation

21.4 Renewable energy policy

21.4.1 Historical overview

21.4.2 Renewable energy policy and targets

21.5 Projects

21.5.1 Recently awarded projects

21.5.2 Major upcoming renewable projects

21.6 Key contacts

22. UAE

22.1 Overview

22.2 UAE Energy Strategy 2050

22.2.1 Other policies

22.3 UAE energy market structure

22.4 Renewable energy generation capacity

22.4.1 Alternative fuel and capacity

22.5 Abu Dhabi

22.5.1 Overview

22.5.2 Major clean energy projects in Abu Dhabi

22.6 Dubai

22.6.1 Overview

22.6.2 Clean energy projects

22.6.2.1 Solar IPP Programme

22.6.2.2 Other projects

22.6.3 Financing clean energy in Dubai

22.7 Northern Emirates

22.7.1 Overview

22.7.2 FEWA

22.7.4 SEWA

22.8 Key contacts

Disclaimer

Table 1: COP hosts

Table 2: Key organisations driving renewable energy in the Mena region

Table 3: Selected renewable energy projects in Mena

Table 4: Renewable energy installed capacity, 2020-30 (MW)

Table 5: Major CSP projects

Table 6: Major wind projects in the pre-execution phase.

Table 7: Major Waste to Energy projects

Table 8: Hydroden projects and agreements

Table 9: Algeria power and renewables sector key facts, 2020

Table 10: Algeria planned capacity increases by fuel type (MW), 2015−2030

Table 11: Algeria renewable energy projects underway.

Table 12: Algeria renewable energy projects planned

Table 13: Algeria key contacts

Table 14: Bahrain power and renewables sector key facts, 2020

Table 15: Bahrain renewable power generation projects, planned, underway and operation

Table 16: Bahrain key contacts

Table 17: Egypt power and renewables sector key facts, 2020

Table 18: Egypt, renewable energy supporting policies, laws, and regulations

Table 19: Renewable energy schemes by institutions in Egypt

Table 20: Solar FITs

Table 21: Wind FITs

Table 22: Egypt round II solar FIT tariffs ($c/kWh)

Table 23: Egypt round II wind FIT tariffs ($c/kWh)

Table 24: EBRD backed projects, FIT round 2.

Table 25: IFC-backed projects, Egypt FIT round 2

Table 26: Planned merchant IPP renewables projects up to 2022

Table 27: Solar power projects in Egypt ($m) under execution

Table 28: Upcoming solar power projects in Egypt ($m)

Table 29: Wind power projects in Egypt ($m) under execution

Table 30: Upcoming wind power projects in Egypt ($m)

Table 31: Egypt key contacts

Table 32: Iran power and renewables sector key facts, 2020

Table 33: Renewable energy capacity from solar PV, wind, and small hydropower (MW), 2010−2020

Table 34: Iran electricity production by fuel type (% of total), 2010−2020

Table 35: Companies with renewable and clean power purchase agreements at the end of December 2019 in Iran

Table 36: Renewables FIT rates, October 2019 .

Table 37: Iran renewable energy projects under execution

Table 38: Iran renewable energy projects in pre-execution phase

Table 39: Iran key contacts

Table 40: Iraq power and renewables sector key facts, 2020

Table 41: Renewable energy projects planned and underway in Iraq ($m)

Table 42: Iraq power sector key contacts

Table 43: Jordan power and renewables sector key facts, 2020 .

Table 44: Jordan Installed capacity (MW), 2016-2020

Table 45: Jordan’s CEGCO installed capacity by plant

Table 46: SEPCO installed capacity, 2011-2018

Table 47: Jordan’s renewable energy tariffs

Table 48: Jordan, renewable power projects under execution

Table 49: Jordan, planned renewable power projects

Table 50: Jordan key contacts.

Table 51: Kuwait power and renewables sector key facts, 2020.

Table 52: Existing power plants generation capacity

Table 53: Kuwait, upcoming renewable power projects .

Table 54: Small-scale solar schemes in Kuwait

Table 55: Kuwait renewable sector key contacts.

Table 56: Morocco power and renewables sector key facts, 2020

Table 57: Solar power projects planned in Morocco.

Table 58: Morocco wind power projects under construction

Table 59: Morocco hydro power projects under construction

Table 60: Upcoming hydro power generation projects in Morocco

Table 61: Morocco key contacts

Table 62: Oman power and renewables sector key facts, 2020

Table 63: Renewable Energy Development Plan – MIS (MW), 2019−2025

Table 64: Renewable power projects under execution

Table 65: Major renewable power projects, planned

Table 66: Oman key contacts .

Table 67: Qatar power and renewables sector key facts, 2020

Table 68: Renewable power projects, planned and underway

Table 69: Qatar key contacts

Table 70: Saudi Arabia power and renewables sector key facts, 2020

Table 71: Saudi Arabia, Upcoming Renewables projects in 2021

Table 72: Repdo renewable energy projects by capacity (MW) and value ($m)

Table 73: List of bidders with prices for the 300MW PV solar project at Sakaka

Table 74: List of bidders with price for the 400MW wind scheme at Dumat al-Jandal

Table 75: Repdo third round projects

Table 76: Saudi Arabia, renewable energy projects under execution ($m)

Table 77: Saudi Arabia, upcoming renewable energy projects ($m)

Table 78: Saudi Arabia key contacts

Table 79: Syria power and renewables sector key facts, 2020

Table 80: Syria planned renewable energy projects

Table 81: Syria key contacts

Table 82: Tunisia power and renewables sector key facts, 2020.

Table 83: STEG’s technical and financial performance indicators, 2014-2017

Table 84: Main indicators

Table 85: Hydropower plants .

Table 86: Wind power plants

Table 87: Tunisia 2020-Renewable energy projects

Table 88: Renewable power projects planned in Tunisia

Table 89: Tunisia key contacts

Table 90: UAE power and renewables sector key facts, 2020

Table 91: Abu Dhabi power and renewables sector key facts

Table 92: Abu Dhabi renewable power generation projects, planned and underway by value ($m)

Table 93: Dubai power and renewables sector key facts

Table 94: Dubai renewable power generation projects, planned and underway by value ($m)

Table 95: Northern Emirates renewable power generation projects, planned and underway by value ($m)

Table 96: UAE Renewables sector key contacts

Figure 1: The carbon challenge

Figure 2: Carbon dioxide emissions per capita (tonnes), 2019.

Figure 3: Carbon emissions by country (million tonnes of carbon dioxide), 2009-2019

Figure 4: GCC solar photovoltaic IPP tariffs, Low bid ‒ LCOE ($cents/kWh)

Figure 5: World's biggest emitters (MtCO2e per year in 2018)

Figure 6: National net zero emissions pledges

Figure 7: Forecasted battery storage dedicated to the power sector by region (GWh)

Figure 8: Renewable energy costs ($/kWh)

Figure 9: Global sales of electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles

Figure 10: Renewable power project contract awards ($m), 2019‒2020 .

Figure 11: Renewable power project award pipeline ($m)

Figure 12: GCC countries renewable energy targets

Figure 13: LCOE of different forms of technology ($/MWh)

Figure 14: Untapped potential of renewable energy sources by region

Figure 15: Planned and committed energy investments in the Mena region, 2021-2025 ($bn)

Figure 16: Planned and committed Mena energy investments 2021-2025, by sector ($bn)

Figure 17: Value of power contract awards in the Mena region, 2017-2021* ($bn)

Figure 18: Value of oil contract awards in the Mena region, 2017-2021* ($bn)

Figure 19: Value of Mena gas project contract awards, 2017-2021* ($bn)

Figure 20: Value of Mena chemical project contract awards, 2017-2021* ($bn)

Figure 21: Hydrogen applications and decarbonisation

Figure 22: Green hydrogen production, conversion and end uses across the energy system

Figure 23: Middle East hydroden projects and agreements

Figure 24: Projected falling costs for green hydrogen poduction

Figure 25: Hydrogen export potential per country

Figure 26: Liquids demand scenarios through 2040

Figure 27: Fossil fuel demand (million TJ)

Figure 28: Total final consumption by fuel in rebalance (Gtoe)

Figure 29: Vulnerability of petrostate to low oil and gas demand and population size .

Figure 30: 2021-2040 Government revenue under different demand/price scenarios.

Figure 31: Impact of low carbon scenario on oil and gas revenues, regions

Figure 32: Oil and gas production volumes under a low demand scenario, 20 largets NOCs .

Figure 33: Value of Mena oil, gas and petrochemicals projects, 2015-2021

Figure 34: Oil, gas and chemical project activity in Saudi Arabia, 2015-2021.

Figure 35: Oil, gas and chemical project activity in the UAE, 2015-2021

Figure 36: Oil, gas and chemical project activity in Kuwait, 2015-2021.

Figure 37: Oil, gas and chemical project activity in Qatar, 2015-2021

Figure 38: Oil, gas and chemical project activity in Bahrain, 2015-2021

Figure 39: Oil, gas and chemical project activity in Oman, 2015-2021

Figure 40: Oil, gas and chemical project activity in Iraq, 2015-2021 .

Figure 41: Oil, gas and chemical project activity in Algeria, 2015-2021.

Figure 42: Oil, gas and chemical project activity in Egypt, 2015-2021

Figure 43: Algeria's installed generation capacity by fuel type in 2020 (MW)

Figure 44: Oil fields in the Divided Zone

Figure 45: Algeria installed renewable capacity (MW), 2015−2030

Figure 46: Algeria installed renewable capacity by fuel type (per cent), 2015−2020 (Phase 1)

Figure 47: Algeria installed renewable capacity by fuel type (per cent), 2021−2030 (Phase 2)

Figure 48: Algeria annual renewable power generation (GWh), 2015−2030 .

Figure 49: Bahrain installed renewable capacity by fuel type (MW), 2015-2030

Figure 50: Bahrain annual renewable power generation by fuel type (GWh), 2015-2030

Figure 51: Renewable energy projects, 2011-2020 ($m)

Figure 52: Structure of the Egyptian electricity sector .

Figure 53: Egypt installed renewable capacity (MW), 2015-2030

Figure 54: Egypt annual renewable power generation (GWh), 2015-2030

Figure 55: Total renewables installed capacity by technology (%), 2020

Figure 56: Evolution of installed power capacity (GW) by fuel-type as in the ISES, 2019-2035.

Figure 57: Iran installed renewable capacity (MW), 2015-2030

Figure 58: Iran installed renewable capacity by technology (%), 2020 .

Figure 59: Iran annual renewable power generation (GWh), 2015-2030

Figure 60: Iran renewable energy installations

Figure 61: Iraq installed renewable capacity (MW), 2015−2030

Figure 62: Iraq annual renewable power generation (GWh), 2015−2030

Figure 63: Comparison of LCOE of solar power and electricity from oil and gas ($/MWh), 2015-2030

Figure 64: Comparison of peak electricity demand and average power generation in Iraqi Kurdistan (MW), 2004-2017 .

Figure 65: Structure of the KRG Electricity Ministry

Figure 66: Kurdistan region location of existing power generating plants

Figure 67: Jordan electricity sector

Figure 68: Jordan, measures to integrate high shares of variable renewables in the power mix

Figure 69: Jordan installed renewable capacity (MW), 2015-2030

Figure 70: Location of CEGCO power plants in Jordan

Figure 71: Jordan renewable power generation (GWh), 2015-2030

Figure 72: Spatial distribution of global solar irradiation in kWh/m2 resource maps for Jordan

Figure 73: Spatial distribution of wind irradiation in Jordan

Figure 74: Jordan, renewable energy financing landscape

Figure 75: Kuwait installed renewable capacity (MW), 2015-2030

Figure 76: Kuwait annual renewable power generation (GWh), Kuwait, 2015-2030

Figure 77: Solar thermal electricity generating potential in Kuwait

Figure 78: Proposed output levels from the Al-Abdaliya ISCC.

Figure 79: Morocco installed renewable capacity (MW), 2015-2030

Figure 80: Morocco annual renewable power generation (GWh), 2015-2030

Figure 81: Morocco target fuel mix (%), 2020

Figure 82: Solar radiation map of Morocco

Figure 83: Wind map of Morocco

Figure 84: Renewable energy power contract awards, 2010−2020 ($m)

Figure 85: The MIS and Salalah systems

Figure 86: Oman installed renewable capacity (MW), 2015−2030

Figure 87: Oman annual renewable power generation (GWh), 2015−2030

Figure 88: Global solar radiation average (kWh/m2/d)

Figure 89: Annual direct normal irradiance map of Oman*

Figure 90: Qatar installed renewable capacity (MW), 2015-2030

Figure 91: Qatar annual renewable power generation (GWh), 2015-2030

Figure 92: Institutional structure of decision-making in the Saudi Arabia energy sector

Figure 93: Saudi Arabia’s electricity industry structure, 2020

Figure 94: Saudi Arabia installed renewable capacity (MW), 2015-2030

Figure 95: Saudi Arabia annual renewable power generation (GWh), 2015-2030

Figure 96: NREP 2030 Renewables Target

Figure 97: Syria, Operational power plants

Figure 98: Syria Power Sector Structure

Figure 99: Syria installed renewable capacity by fuel type (MW), 2015-2030

Figure 100: Syria annual renewable power generation by fuel type (GWh), 2015-2030

Figure 101: Syria total installed renewable capacity (MW) and annual renewable power generation (GWh), 2015-2030

Figure 102: Institutional Organisation of the Tunisian Power Sector

Figure 103: Tunisia installed renewable capacity (MW), 2015-2030

Figure 104: Tunisia annual renewable power generation (GWh), 2015-2030

Figure 105: Targeted share of technology in Tunisian Solar Plan by 2030 (MW)

Figure 106: UAE, clean energy targets, 2050

Figure 107: UAE installed renewable capacity (MW), 2015-2030

Figure 108: UAE annual renewable power generation (GWh), 2015-2030

Figure 109: Planned renewables projects value by emirate ($m)