Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
1 Renewable Energy Market, Europe
1.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
1.2 European Union Renewable Energy Targets
1.3 Geopolitical Crisis
1.4 Auction Trends
2 Renewable Energy Policy, Austria
2.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
2.2 Policy Snapshot
2.3 Renewable Energy Targets
2.4 National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) 2021-2030
2.5 Renewable Energy Expansion Act – Erneuerbaren-Ausbau-Gesetz (EAG)
– EAG amendment
2.6 Premium Tariff Auctions
– Auctions
2.7 Green Electricity Act
2.8 Rooftop Solar PV Subsidy
2.9 National Recovery and Resilience Plan – Green Transition
2.10 Hydrogen Strategy
– Hydrogen Promotion Act
– Hydrogen Auction
2.11 Zero tax rate
– Funding under the Renewable Energy Expansion Act (EAG)
3 Renewable Energy Policy, Belgium
3.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
3.2 Policy Snapshot
3.3 Renewable Energy Targets
3.4 National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) 2021-2030
3.5 National Recovery and Resilience Plan
3.6 Hydrogen Energy
3.7 Regional Hydrogen Initiatives
3.8 Hydrogen Goals under Belgium’s NECP
3.9 Hydrogen Projects and Industrial Developments
3.10 Brussels Climate Plan
– Brussels Air, Climate and Energy Plan
3.11 Flanders Climate Plan
3.12 Wallonia Climate Plan
3.13 The Carbon Neutrality Decree
3.14 Green Certificates – Certificats Verts (CV)
– Brussels
– Flanders
– Wallonia
3.15 Net Metering
– Brussels
– Flanders
– Wallonia
3.16 Auctions
– Offshore Wind Auctions
– Capacity Remuneration Mechanism (CRM)
– Future Auctions and Outlook
3.17 Green Electricity Call
3.18 Energy Transition Fund
3.19 VAT reduction on Solar Panels
4 Renewable Energy Policy, Bulgaria
4.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
4.2 Policy Snapshot
4.3 Renewable Energy Targets
4.4 National Energy and Climate Plan 2021-2030
4.5 National Hydrogen Roadmap
4.6 National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP)
4.7 Energy Act
4.8 Contracts for Difference (CfD) Scheme
4.9 Feed-in Tariff/ Premium Tariff
5 Renewable Energy Market, Croatia
5.1 Energy Market, Overview
5.2 Policy Snapshot
5.3 Renewable Energy Targets
5.4 National Energy and Climate Plan 2021-2030
5.5 Croatia’s National Recovery and Resilience Plan 2021-2026
5.6 Premium Tariff support scheme
5.7 Auctions for premium tariffs
5.8 The Environmental Protection Programme of the Croatian Bank for Reconstruction and Development HBOR
5.9 Energy Act
6 Renewable Energy Market, Czech Republic
6.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
6.2 Renewable Energy Targets
6.3 Policy Snapshot
6.4 National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) 2021 – 2034
6.5 State Energy Policy (SEP)
6.6 Hydrogen Energy
6.7 Green Investment Scheme: New Green Savings Programme
6.8 Energy Management Act
6.9 Solar PV Rebates
6.10 Auctions
6.11 Tax Exemption for Renewable Energy Use
6.12 State Program to Promote Energy Savings and Use of Renewable and Secondary Energy Sources
6.13 National Recovery Plan
7 Renewable Energy Market, Denmark
7.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
7.2 Policy Snapshot
7.3 Renewable Energy Targets
7.4 Electricity Supply Act
7.5 National Renewable Energy Action Plan (Target 2020)
7.6 Draft-National Energy and Climate Plan (Target 2030)
7.7 Energy Strategy 2050
7.8 National Recovery and Resilience Plan – Green Transition
7.9 Hydrogen energy in Denmark
– Green Hydrogen Hub
– HyBalance’s PEM electrolysis Hydrogen plant
– Energy Island Project
7.10 Promotion of Renewable Energy Act (RE Act)
– Upcoming tenders for support to biogas and other green gas production
7.11 Auctions
– Denmark Renewable Energy Auction, 2019
– Mixed auction
– Cross-border auctions
– Solar auctions
– Auctions Update
7.12 Net-metering
7.13 Loan guarantee for construction of wind energy plants
8 Renewable Energy Market, Finland
8.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
8.2 Policy Snapshot
8.3 Renewable Energy Targets
8.4 National Energy and Climate Strategy of Finland for 2030
8.5 National Recovery and Resilience Plan – Green Transition
8.6 National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) 2021-2030
8.7 Hydrogen Energy
– Hydrogen infrastructure development projects
8.8 Competitive Tender/ Auctions
– First Round of Auctions
– Upcoming Auctions and Latest Developments
8.9 Act on Offshore Wind Power in the Exclusive Economic Zone
8.10 Incentives for phasing out coal power.
8.11 Energy Aid
8.12 Smart Metering in Finland
– Smart Grids and Energy Markets program (SGEM)
8.13 Temporary Crisis Framework
– Temporary Crisis and Transition Framework (TCTF)
8.14 Green Certificates
8.15 Guarantee of Origin
9 Renewable Energy Market, France
9.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
9.2 Policy Snapshot
9.3 Renewable Energy Targets
9.4 National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP)
9.5 National Recovery and Resilience Plan
9.6 Law on Energy Transition for Green Growth (LTECV)
9.7 France’s Multiannual Energy Programme (Programmationpluriannuelle de l’énergie or PPE)
9.8 The National Low-Carbon Strategy (stratégie nationale bas-carbone, (SNBC))
9.9 Hydrogen Energy
– Decree no. 2023-854 (September 2023)
– Decree no. 2024-289 (March 2024)
– Ministerial Order (July 2024)
9.10 Feed-in Tariffs
– Premium Tariffs
– Latest Tariff Rates
9.11 Renewable Energy Tenders/Auctions
– Offshore Wind
– Auction Analysis
9.12 Green Fund
9.13 Green Innovation Funding Program
9.14 Renewable Energy Market Development
9.15 Tax Credit for Energy Transition (CITE)
– MaPrimeRénov'(the energy transition bonus)
9.16 Reduced VAT for Residential Renewable Energy Equipment
9.17 Offshore Wind Pact
9.18 Renewable Energy Acceleration Bill
10 Renewable Energy Market, Germany
10.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
10.2 Policy Snapshot
10.3 Renewable Energy Targets
10.4 Climate Protection Act
10.5 National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP), 2021-2030
10.6 Renewable Energy Act (ErneuerbareEnergienGesetz – EEG)
– EEG 2023
– EEG 2024
10.7 Coal Exit Law
10.8 Nuclear Phase Out
10.9 Wind Power Development
– Onshore Wind Energy Act
– Offshore Wind Energy Act (WindSeeG)
10.10 Solar PV Development
– Rooftop Feed-in Tariff (FiT)
– Tenant’s Solar Power Supply
– Solar Peak (Solarspitzen)
– Solar Package I
10.11 Omnibus Energy Act
10.12 Renewable Energy Auctions
– Solar PV
– Onshore wind
– Offshore Wind
– Biomass
– Innovation Tender
– Joint Auctions for Onshore Wind and Solar Power Projects
10.13 National Hydrogen Strategy
– Hydrogen Acceleration Law
11 Renewable Energy Policy, Greece
11.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
11.2 Policy Snapshot
11.3 Renewable Energy Targets
11.4 Energy Policy, Greece
11.5 Coal Phase Out Target
11.6 Wind Power Development
11.7 National Climate Law
11.8 National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) 2021-2030
11.9 Hydrogen Energy
11.10 Generation of Electricity using Renewable Energy Sources (RES) Law
11.11 ETMEAR Levy
11.12 Renewable Energy Auctions
11.13 Energy Storage Auction Program
11.14 Climate Law 4936/2022
12 Renewable Energy Market, Iceland
12.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
12.2 Policy Snapshot
12.3 Renewable Energy Targets
12.4 Sustainable Development Strategy
12.5 Iceland’s 2020 Climate Action Plan
12.6 Green by Iceland
12.7 Hydrogen Energy
– Capacity target
12.8 Geothermal Technology and Innovation
12.9 Act No. 30/2008 on electricity produced from renewable energy sources
13 Renewable Energy Market, Ireland
13.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
13.2 Policy Snapshot
13.3 Renewable Energy Targets
13.4 National Energy and Climate Plan 2021-2030
13.5 Ireland’s Transition to a Low Carbon Energy Future 2015-2030
13.6 Programme for Government – Our Shared Future
13.7 Project Ireland 2040
13.8 Climate Action Plan
13.9 Renewable Energy Support Scheme (RESS)
13.10 Budget 2025
13.11 Hydrogen Energy
13.12 National Recovery and Resilience Plan
13.13 Offshore Renewable Energy Development Plan
13.14 Micro Generation Support Scheme
13.15 Carbon Tax
13.16 Ireland National Retrofit Plan
14 Renewable Energy Policy, Italy
14.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
14.2 Policy Snapshot
14.3 Renewable Energy Targets
14.4 FER X Decree
– Transitional FER-X Decree
14.5 Renewable Energy Consolidated Act
14.6 National Energy Strategy 2030
14.7 National Recovery and Resilience Plan
– State Aid Scheme for Agrovoltaic Installation
14.8 National Integrated Plan for Climate and Energy 2030
14.9 Hydrogen Energy
14.10 Feed-in Tariff
14.11 Renewable Auctions
– Regulations
– Results
– Auction Analysis
14.12 Net-Metering Scheme
14.13 New Regulation to Promote Solar and Renewables in Non–Interconnected Islands
14.14 Tax Regulation Mechanism I
14.15 Tax Regulation Mechanism II
14.16 D.L. Energia
14.17 The Energy Decree
14.18 Regional and Municipal level policy/incentives
– Abruzzo
– Aosta Valley
– Basilicata
– Bologna
– Calabria
– Campania
– Emilia Romagna
– Friuli-Venezia Giulia
– Lazio
– Liguria
– Lombardy
– Marche
– Molise
– Piemonte
– Puglia
– Sardinia
– Sicily
– Tuscany
– Umbria
– Veneto
15 Renewable Energy Market, Netherlands
15.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
15.2 Policy Snapshot
15.3 Renewable Energy Targets
15.4 Hydrogen Energy
– Dutch Hydrogen Strategy
– Hydrogen Programme
– Porthos
– PosHYdon
– Magnum Project
– New Dutch Energy Act
15.5 National Climate Agreement
15.6 National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) 2021-2030
15.7 Recovery and Resilience Plan – Green Transition
15.8 Offshore Wind Energy Act
15.9 Offshore Wind Energy 2030 Roadmap
15.10 Offshore Wind Auctions
15.11 Top Sector Energie (TSE) – the Support Scheme for Innovative Energy Projects
– EKOO subsidy scheme
– MOOI subsidy
– Demonstration Energy and Climate Innovation (DEI+)
15.12 Feed-in Premium Program – SDE+ and SDE++
15.13 Net-Metering
15.14 “Terugleversubsidie” – Phasing out Net-Metering
15.15 Energy Investment Allowance (EIA) scheme
15.16 Environmental investment allowance – milieu-investeringsaftrek (MIA) and Vamil: Tax Relief Schemes
16 Renewable Energy Policy, Norway
16.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
16.2 Policy Snapshot
16.3 Renewable Energy Targets
16.4 Energy Act
16.5 National Climate Plan
– Norway’s long-term low-emission strategy for 2050
16.6 Climate Change Act
16.7 Hydrogen Energy
– Adoption of Zero-Emission Vehicles
16.8 Auctions
16.9 Guarantees of Origin (GO)
16.10 Energi21
16.11 Watercourse Regulation Act
16.12 Waterfall Rights Act
16.13 Act on Offshore Renewable Energy Production (The Offshore Energy Act)
16.14 Green Recovery Package
16.15 Green Conversion Package
16.16 Resource Rent Tax
17 Renewable Energy Market, Poland
17.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
17.2 Policy Snapshot
17.3 Poland Energy Policy 2040 (PEP2040/EPP2040)
17.4 Energy Law Act
– Amendment 2023
– Quota System (Renewable Portfolio Standards)
17.5 Renewable Energy Sources Act (RES Act)
– Amendments under the RES Act
17.6 10H Rule – Onshore Wind Distance Act
17.7 Offshore Wind Act
– Amendments to the Offshore Wind Act
17.8 Auction-based Feed-in Tariff (FIT)/Feed-in Premium (FIP) Results
17.9 Financial Support and Incentives
– My Wind Power Plant Program, 2024
– Solar Rebate Scheme ‘Mój Prąd’ or ‘My Electricity’, 2019
– Offshore wind loan programme
– Green Investment Scheme
– EBRD loans
17.10 Coal Phase Out
17.11 Geothermal Target
18 Renewable Energy Market, Portugal
18.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
18.2 Policy Snapshot
18.3 Renewable Energy Targets
18.4 National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) 2021-2030
18.5 Roadmap to Carbon Neutrality – Roteiro para a Neutralidade Carbónica (RNC2050)
18.6 Green Growth Commitment 2030
18.7 Hydrogen Energy
– The National Hydrogen Strategy (EN-H2)
18.8 Renewable Energy Auctions
– Recent developments
– Auction for floating solar PV capacity 2021 – 2022
– Second round Solar PV auction 2020
– First Round Solar PV Auctions 2019
18.9 Guaranteed Remuneration Scheme for Small Generators
18.10 Exception from Clawback Mechanism
18.11 Portugal’s recovery and resilience plan
18.12 Small Investments in Agricultural Exploration programme
18.13 Long-Term Strategy for Building Renovation
19 Renewable Energy Market, Romania
19.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
19.2 Policy Snapshot
19.3 Renewable Energy Targets
19.4 National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) 2021-2030
19.5 Hydrogen Energy
19.6 Coal Phase Out
19.7 Renewable Energy Law
19.8 Government Emergency Ordinance no. 134/2024 (GEO)
19.9 Government Emergency Ordinance no. 163/2022 (GEO)
19.10 Emergency Ordinance no. 143/2021
19.11 Government Emergency Ordinance no. 24/2017
19.12 National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2030
19.13 Quota System
19.14 CfD Scheme
– Auction
19.15 EU’s Modernization Fund
19.16 Recovery and Resilience Plan – Green Transition
20 Renewable Energy Market, Russia
20.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
20.2 Policy Snapshot
20.3 Renewable Energy Targets
20.4 General Scheme for the Placement of Electric Power Facilities through 2042
20.5 Decree 449 on the Mechanism for the Promotion of Renewable Energy
20.6 Auction Process and Localization Requirements
20.7 Renewable Energy Auctions
– Auction Analysis
– Competitive selection of investment projects on the wholesale market
20.8 The Russian Federation Renewable Energy Program
20.9 Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation to 2035
20.10 Premium and Certificates Scheme
20.11 Hydrogen Energy in the Russian Federation
– Hydrogen roadmap 2024
20.12 Decree 812 Climate Doctrine of the Russian Federation
20.13 Decree 603 of the Russian Federation
21 Renewable Energy Market, Slovakia
21.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
21.2 Policy Snapshot
21.3 Renewable Energy Targets
21.4 Slovak Energy Policy – Energetická politika (EP SR)
21.5 National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) 2021-2030
21.6 National Recovery and Resilience Plan
21.7 Hydrogen Energy
21.8 Enviro-strategy 2030 (Envirostrategy–Greener Slovakia)
21.9 Act No. 251/2012 on Energy and amendments to certain acts
21.10 Act No. 250/2012 on Regulatory Office for Network Industries (RONI)
21.11 Act No. 309/2009 on Support of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and High Efficiency Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
21.12 Auctions
21.13 Feed-in Tariffs (FiT)
21.14 Subsidy (Operational Programme Quality of Environment)
21.15 European Commission Support for High-efficient Cogeneration of Electricity
22 Renewable Energy Policy, Spain
22.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
22.2 Policy Snapshot
22.3 Renewable Energy Targets
22.4 Electricity Law 24/2013
22.5 Royal Decree-Law 23/2020
22.6 Climate Change and Energy Transition (Law 7/2021)
22.7 The National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) 2021-2030
22.8 National Recovery and Resilience Plan – Green Transition
22.9 Hydrogen Energy
– The Spanish Measure
22.10 The Royal Decree Law 13/2012
22.11 The Royal Decree Law 29/2012
22.12 The Royal Decree Law 9/2013
22.13 Royal Decree 110/2015
22.14 Suspension of Solar Power Tax
22.15 Feed-in Premiums
22.16 Renewable Auctions
– Auction Analysis
22.17 The Institute for the Diversification and Saving of Energy (IDAE)
22.18 Grid Connection of Small Wind Turbines
22.19 Roadmap for the Development of Offshore Wind and Marine Energy.
23 Renewable Energy Market, Sweden
23.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
23.2 Policy Snapshot
23.3 Renewable Energy Targets
23.4 Climate Act and Climate Policy Framework
23.5 National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP)
23.6 National Recovery and Resilience Plan
23.7 Hydrogen Energy
23.8 Green Certificate Scheme
– Quota Obligation
23.9 Solar Rebate Scheme
23.10 Cancellation of Solar Tax for Commercial PV
23.11 Energy Tax relief
23.12 Removal of the Building Permit for Solar Systems
23.13 Reduction in Connections Costs for Offshore Wind Power
23.14 Carbon Tax
23.15 Coal Phase Out
23.16 The Swedish Energy Research and Innovation Program
23.17 Sweden’s Budget
24 Renewable Energy Policy, Switzerland
24.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
24.2 Policy Snapshot
24.3 Renewable Energy Targets
24.4 Electricity Supply Act (ESA)
24.5 Federal Act – Secure Electricity Supply for Renewables
– Amendment of the Energy Act and and the Energy Promotion Ordinance
24.6 Law on Renewable Energy Targets
24.7 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to the Paris Agreement
24.8 Climate and Innovation Act
24.9 Energy Strategy 2050
– Measures for increasing energy efficiency.
– Measures for the development of renewable energies
– Measures with respect to electricity grids
– Further measures
24.10 National Hydrogen Strategy
24.11 COVID 19 Green Recovery and Solar PV Rebate Program
24.12 Energy Research Program
24.13 Swiss Energy Research for the Energy Transition (SWEET)
24.14 Risk Guarantee Scheme for Geothermal Power Projects
24.15 Floating Market Premiums
24.16 Compensatory feed-in remuneration at cost (KEV)
24.17 Auctions
– Auction Analysis
25 Renewable Energy Market, Turkey
25.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
25.2 Policy Snapshot
25.3 Renewable Energy Target
25.4 Electricity Market Law
25.5 Roadmap for Renewable Energy
25.6 Offshore Wind Roadmap
25.7 National Energy Plan 2023-2035
25.8 Omnibus Law
25.9 National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP)
25.10 Act No. 5346 – Utilization of Renewable Energy Sources
25.11 The Presidential Decree Number 1044
25.12 Nationally Determined Condition (NDC)
25.13 Law on Geothermal Sources and Natural Mineral Water
25.14 Feed-in-Tariff
25.15 YEKDEM
25.16 Auctions
25.17 Income Tax Credit
25.18 Renewable Energy Zones (YEKA-Scheme)
25.19 Hydrogen Energy
25.20 Electricity Market Licensing Regulation
– Amendments to Electricity Market Licensing Regulation
25.21 Clean Technology Fund (CTF)
26 Renewable Energy Market, UK
26.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
26.2 Policy Snapshot
26.3 Renewable Energy Targets
26.4 Electricity Market Reform 2011
26.5 Climate Change Act
– Amendment 2019
26.6 The Clean Growth Strategy and Clean Growth Grand Challenge
26.7 Carbon Reduction target 2030
26.8 Hydrogen Policy in the UK
– Overview
– The Prime Minister’s Ten Point Plan 2020
– Hydrogen Strategy
– Powering our Net Zero Future: White Paper
– Sixth Carbon Budget Report issued by the Climate Change Committee
– Sector Development Action Plan
26.9 Renewable Energy Guarantees of Origin
26.10 Renewable Obligation Order
26.11 Contracts for Difference (CfD)
26.12 Impact of Brexit on UK energy Industry
26.13 Carbon Price Floor (CPF)
26.14 Carbon Price Support
26.15 Climate Change Levy
26.16 Smart Metering
26.17 Smart Export Guarantee (SEG)
26.18 Strategies and legislation in Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales
– Northern Ireland
– Scotland
– Wales
26.19 Review of Electricity Market Arrangements (REMA)
26.20 British Energy Security Strategy
– Package of support for innovative energy
– Net Zero Strategy
26.21 Energy Act 2023
27 Appendix
27.1 Abbreviations
27.2 Methodology
– Coverage
– Secondary Research
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