1 Renewable Energy Market, Europe
1.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
1.2 European Union Renewable Energy Targets
1.3 Yearly Highlights
– Austria
– Belgium
– Bulgaria
– Croatia
– Czech Republic
– Denmark
– Finland
– France
– Germany
– Greece
– Ireland
– Italy
– Netherlands
– Norway
– Poland
– Portugal
– Romania
– Russia
– Slovakia
– Sweden
– Spain
– Switzerland
– Turkiye
– UK
1.4 Geopolitical Crisis
1.5 Auction Trends
2 Renewable Energy Policy, Austria
2.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
2.2 Policy Snapshot
2.3 Renewable Energy Targets
2.4 Renewable Energy Expansion Act (Erneuerbaren-Ausbau-Gesetz (EAG))
– OeMAG Marktpreis (Market Price) scheme
– OeMAG Marktprämie (Market Premium) scheme
– Made in Europe Bonus
– Investment subsidies for renewable energy plants
2.5 Renewable Energy Auctions
– Auction Analysis
2.6 Hydrogen Strategy
– Hydrogen Partnership Austria (HyPA)
– Hydrogen Project & Funding
– Hydrogen Roadmap under EAG
– Hydrogen Promotion Act (Wasserstoffförderungsgesetz (WFöG)
– Hydrogen Auction
2.7 National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP)
2.8 National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) 2021-2030
2.9 National Emissions Certificate Trading System
2.10 EU Emissions Trading System (ETS)
2.11 Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) / Guarantees of Origin (GOs)
2.12 Energy Storage
2.13 Zero tax rate
2.14 Climate and Energy Fund (KLI.EN)
3 Renewable Energy Policy, Belgium
3.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
3.2 Policy Snapshot
3.3 Renewable Energy Targets
3.4 National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) 2021-2030
3.5 National Recovery and Resilience Plan
3.6 Hydrogen Energy
– Supportive Hydrogen Policies and Initiviatives
– Regional Hydrogen Initiatives
– Hydrogen Goals under Belgium’s NECP
– Hydrogen Projects and Industrial Developments
3.7 Net Metering
3.8 Renewable Energy Auctions
– Offshore Wind Auctions
– Capacity Remuneration Mechanism (CRM)
3.9 The Carbon Neutrality Decree
3.10 Green Electricity Call
3.11 Energy Transition Fund
3.12 Financial Incentives
– Green Certificates (Certificats Verts, CV)
3.13 Emissions Trading System (ETS)
4 Renewable Energy Policy, Bulgaria
4.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
4.2 Policy Snapshot
4.3 Renewable Energy Targets
4.4 National Energy and Climate Plan 2021-2030
4.5 National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP)
4.6 Energy Act
4.7 Energy from Renewable Sources Act (ERSA)
4.8 National Hydrogen Roadmap
4.9 Feed‐in Tariff (FIT)
4.10 Feed‐in Premium (FIP)
4.11 Renewable Energy Auction
– RESTORE Program
4.12 Emissions trading system (ETS)
4.13 Guarantees of Origin (GOs)
5 Renewable Energy Policy, Croatia
5.1 Energy Market, Overview
5.2 Policy Snapshot
5.3 Renewable Energy Targets
5.4 Energy Act
5.5 Law on Renewable Energy Sources and High-Efficiency Cogeneration
5.6 National Energy and Climate Plan 2021-2030
5.7 Croatia’s National Recovery and Resilience Plan 2021-2026
5.8 Netbilling
5.9 Renewable Energy Auctions
– Guaranteed Purchase Price (FIT) Mechanism
5.10 Financial Incentives
5.11 Emissions Trading System (ETS)
– Non-ETS Carbon Fee
5.12 Guarantees of Origin (GOs)
6 Renewable Energy Policy, Czech Republic
6.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
6.2 Renewable Energy Targets
6.3 Policy Snapshot
6.4 National Determined Contribution (NDC)
6.5 National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) 2021 – 2034
– Strategic Investment Program
6.6 National Recovery Plan
6.7 State Energy Policy (SEP)
6.8 Hydrogen Energy
– New Renewable Energy Sources in the Energy Sector Program (RES+)
6.9 Fixed Purchase Price (Feed in Tariff)
6.10 Green Bonus (Feed in Premium)
6.11 Operational Support Auctions (OPEX auctions)
6.12 Law on Acceleration of Renewable Deployment
– Law 249/2025
– LEX OZE III
6.13 Guarantees of Origin (GOs)
7 Renewable Energy Policy, Denmark
7.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
7.2 Policy Snapshot
7.3 Renewable Energy Targets
7.4 Electricity Supply Act
7.5 Energy Strategy 2050
7.6 National Energy and Climate Plan
7.7 National Recovery and Resilience Plan
7.8 Promotion of Renewable Energy Act
7.9 Hydrogen energy in Denmark
– Power-to-X Strategy (PtX)
– Hydrogen Backbone initiative
– Flexible Hydrogen Storage for Power-to-X and Grid Optimization (HyFLEX)
7.10 Net-metering
7.11 Renewable Energy Auctions
7.12 Guarantees of Origin (GOs)
7.13 Carbon Tax
– Emissions Trading System (ETS)
7.14 Financial Incentives in Denmark
7.15 Subsidy Programs and Renewable Funds in Denmark
8 Renewable Energy Policy, Finland
8.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
8.2 Policy Snapshot
8.3 Renewable Energy Targets
8.4 National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP)
8.5 Climate Act
8.6 National Recovery and Resilience Plan
8.7 The 2020 Hydrogen Roadmap
8.8 Datahub
8.9 Renewable Energy Auctions
– First Round of Auctions
– Renewable Energy Financing Mechanism (RENEWFM)
8.10 Act on Offshore Wind Power in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
8.11 Phasing out coal power
8.12 Guarantees of Origin (GOs)
8.13 Carbon Tax
– EU Emissions Trading System (ETS)
8.14 Investment & Tax Credit Scheme
9 Renewable Energy Policy, France
9.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
9.2 Policy Snapshot
9.3 Renewable Energy Targets
9.4 National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP)
9.5 National Recovery and Resilience Plan
9.6 Law on Energy Transition for Green Growth (LTECV)
9.7 France’s Multiannual Energy Programme (Programmationpluriannuelle de l’énergie or PPE)
9.8 The National Low-Carbon Strategy (stratégie nationale bas-carbone, (SNBC))
9.9 National Strategy for the Development of Decarbonised Hydrogen
9.10 Law to accelerate renewable energy production (APER)
9.11 Feed-in Tariffs
– Premium Tariffs
9.12 Renewable Energy Auctions
– Offshore Wind
– Offshore Wind Pact
– Auction Analysis
9.13 National Hydrogen Strategy (SNH)
9.14 Renewable Energy Financial Incentives
9.15 Renewable Energy Grants and Funds
10 Renewable Energy Policy, Germany
10.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
10.2 Policy Snapshot
10.3 Renewable Energy Targets
10.4 Federal Climate Protection Act (KSG)
10.5 National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP), 2021-2030
10.6 Renewable Energy Act (ErneuerbareEnergienGesetz – EEG)
10.7 Coal Exit Law
10.8 Nuclear Phase Out
10.9 Wind Power Development
– Onshore Wind Energy Act
10.10 Solar PV Development
– Rooftop Feed-in Tariff (FiT)
– Tenant’s Solar Power Supply (Mieterstrom)
– Solarspitzengesetz
– Solar Package I (Solarpaket I)
10.11 Omnibus Energy Act
10.12 Renewable Energy Auctions
– Solar PV
– Onshore wind
– Offshore Wind
– Biomass
– Innovation Tender
10.13 National Hydrogen Strategy
– Hydrogen Acceleration Law
10.14 Energy Storage
11 Renewable Energy Policy, Greece
11.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
11.2 Policy Snapshot
11.3 Renewable Energy Targets
11.4 Energy Policy, Greece
11.5 Coal Phase Out Target
11.6 National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) 2021-2030
11.7 Climate Law 4936/2022
11.8 National Climate Law
11.9 Hydrogen Energy
11.10 Generation of Electricity using Renewable Energy Sources (RES) Law
11.11 ETMEAR Levy
11.12 5106/2024 law
– Net Billing
– Virtual Net Billing
11.13 Feed-in Premium (sFiP)
11.14 Renewable Energy Auctions
– Apollo Program
– Energy Storage Auction Program
11.15 EU Emissions Trading System (ETS)
11.16 Financial Incentives and Grants for Renewables
12 Renewable Energy Policy, Iceland
12.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
12.2 Policy Snapshot
12.3 Renewable Energy Targets
12.4 Act No. 30/2008 of Iceland
– Guarantee of Origin (GO)
12.5 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)
12.6 Sustainable Development Strategy
12.7 Iceland’s 2020 Climate Action Plan
12.8 Green by Iceland
12.9 Hydrogen Roadmap
– Capacity target
12.10 Carbon Tax
12.11 Emissions Trading System (EU-ETS)
12.12 Incentive Programs
– Climate and Energy Fund (Orkusjóður)
– VOR – Reykjavík Energy Science & Innovation Fund
13 Renewable Energy Policy, Ireland
13.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
13.2 Policy Snapshot
13.3 Renewable Energy Targets
13.4 National Energy and Climate Plan 2021-2030
13.5 National Recovery and Resilience Plan
13.6 Ireland’s Transition to a Low Carbon Energy Future 2015-2030
13.7 Programme for Government – Our Shared Future
– Mission: A Green New Deal
13.8 Project Ireland 2040
13.9 Climate Action Plan
13.10 National Hydrogen Strategy
13.11 FIP (Feed-in Premium) under SRESS
13.12 Renewable Energy Auction
– RESS 1 Auction
– RESS 2 Auction
– RESS 3 Auction
– RESS 4 Auction
– RESS 5 Auction
– ORESS Auction
13.13 Offshore Renewable Energy Development Plan
13.14 Financial Incentives
13.15 Carbon Tax
13.16 Guarantees of Origin (GO)
14 Renewable Energy Policy, Italy
14.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
14.2 Policy Snapshot
14.3 Renewable Energy Targets
14.4 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)
14.5 Decree No. 190/2024
14.6 National Energy Strategy 2030
14.7 Piano Nazionale Integrato per l’Energia e il Clima (PNIEC) 2030
– RED III Directive
14.8 National Recovery and Resilience Plan
– State Aid Scheme for Agrovoltaic Installation
14.9 National Hydrogen Strategy
14.10 Net-Metering Scheme
14.11 Renewable Energy Auctions
– FER-1 Decree
– Auction Analysis
14.12 FER X Decree
– Transitional FER-X Decree
– Auctions under FER-X Decree
– Auctions under FER2 Decree
14.13 D.L. Energia
14.14 The Energy Decree (D.Lgs. 190/2024)
14.15 Energy Release
2.0
14.16 MACSE Scheme (Meccanismo di Approvvigionamento di Capacità di Stoccaggio Elettrico)
14.17 Emissions Trading System (ETS)
14.18 Renewable Energy Certificate (REC)
14.19 Regional and Municipal level policy/incentives
15 Renewable Energy Policy, Netherlands
15.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
15.2 Yearly Highlights
15.3 Policy Snapshot
15.4 Renewable Energy Targets
15.5 National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) 2021-2030
15.6 Recovery and Resilience Plan – Green Transition
15.7 National Climate Agreement
15.8 Dutch Climate Act (Klimaatwet)
15.9 Offshore Wind Energy 2030 Roadmap
15.10 Hydrogen Energy
– Dutch Hydrogen Strategy
15.11 Net-Metering
15.12 Feed-in Premium Program – SDE++
15.13 Offshore Wind Auctions
15.14 Financial Incentives
15.15 Guarantee of Origin (GO)
15.16 Carbon Tax
16 Renewable Energy Policy, Norway
16.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
16.2 Yearly Highlights
16.3 Policy Snapshot
16.4 Renewable Energy Targets
16.5 Energy Act
16.6 National Climate Plan
– Norway’s long-term low-emission strategy for 2050
16.7 Climate Change Act
16.8 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)
16.9 Hydrogen Energy
16.10 Plus Customer Scheme (Plusskunde)
16.11 Renewable Energy Auctions
16.12 Guarantees of Origin (GO)
16.13 Energi21
16.14 Watercourse Regulation Act
16.15 Waterfall Rights Act
16.16 Act on Offshore Renewable Energy Production (The Offshore Energy Act)
16.17 Green Recovery Package
16.18 Green Conversion Package
16.19 Resource Rent Tax
16.20 Carbon Tax
16.21 Financial Incentives
17 Renewable Energy Policy, Poland
17.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
17.2 Policy Snapshot
17.3 Renewable Energy Target
17.4 Poland’s National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP)
17.5 Poland Energy Policy 2040 (PEP2040/EPP2040)
17.6 Energy Law Act
– Quota System (Renewable Portfolio Standards)
17.7 Renewable Energy Sources Act (RES Act)
– Amendments under the RES Act
17.8 10H Rule – Onshore Wind Distance Act
17.9 Act on Promoting Electricity Generation in Offshore Wind Farms (OWF Act)
17.10 Polish Hydrogen Strategy
17.11 Feed-in Tariff (FIT) & Feed-in Premium (FIP)
17.12 Net Billing
– March 2026 Draft OZE Act
17.13 Energy Law amendment UC84
17.14 Renewable Energy Auctions
17.15 Financial Incentives
17.16 Coal Phase Out
17.17 Carbon Taxation
– Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)
18 Renewable Energy Policy, Portugal
18.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
18.2 Policy Snapshot
18.3 Renewable Energy Targets
18.4 National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) 2021-2030
18.5 Portugal’s recovery and resilience plan
18.6 Roadmap to Carbon Neutrality (RNC2050)
18.7 Green Growth Commitment 2030
18.8 The National Hydrogen Strategy (EN-H2)
18.9 Net billing Scheme
18.10 Renewable Energy Auctions
18.11 Energy Storage
18.12 Carbon Tax
18.13 EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS)
19 Renewable Energy Policy, Romania
19.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
19.2 Policy Snapshot
19.3 Renewable Energy Targets
19.4 National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) 2021-2030
19.5 National Hydrogen Strategy (SNH) 2025–2030
19.6 Renewable Energy Law
19.7 Government Emergency Ordinance (GEO)
19.8 National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2030
19.9 National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR / NRRP)
19.10 Green Certificates (Certificat Verde, CV)
19.11 Net Metering (compensare cantitativă)
19.12 Renewable Energy Auction
19.13 Financial Incentives
19.14 Guarantees of Origin (GO)
20 Renewable Energy Policy, Russia
20.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
20.2 Policy Snapshot
20.3 Renewable Energy Targets
20.4 General Scheme for the Placement of Electric Power Facilities through 2042
20.5 Renewable Auction Program
– 449 on the Mechanism for the Promotion of Renewable Energy
– Process and Localization Requirements
– Renewable Energy Auctions
– Auction Analysis
20.6 The Russian Federation Renewable Energy Program
20.7 Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation to 2050
20.8 Premium and Certificates Scheme
20.9 Net Metering
20.10 Hydrogen Energy in the Russian Federation
– Hydrogen roadmap 2024
20.11 Decree 812 Climate Doctrine of the Russian Federation
20.12 Decree 603 of the Russian Federation
21 Renewable Energy Policy, Slovakia
21.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
21.2 Yearly Highlights
21.3 Policy Snapshot
21.4 Renewable Energy Targets
21.5 National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) 2021-2030
21.6 National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP) Green Transition
21.7 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)
21.8 Hydrogen Energy
21.9 Enviro-strategy 2030 (Envirostratégia 2030)
21.10 Energy Act (Act No. 251/2012)
21.11 Act No. 250/2012 on Regulatory Office for Network Industries (RONI)
21.12 Act No. 309/2009 on Support of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and High Efficiency Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
21.13 Feed-in Tariffs (FiT)
21.14 Renewable Energy Auctions
21.15 EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS)
21.16 Financial Incentives
22 Renewable Energy Policy, Spain
22.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
22.2 Policy Snapshot
22.3 Renewable Energy Targets
22.4 Royal Decree‐Law 7/2026
22.5 Royal Decree 917/2025
22.6 Climate Change and Energy Transition (Law 7/2021)
22.7 The National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) 2021-2030
22.8 National Recovery and Resilience Plan
22.9 Hydrogen Energy
22.10 Net Billing
22.11 Renewable Auctions
– Auction Analysis
22.12 Roadmap for the Development of Offshore Wind and Marine Energy.
– Royal Decree 962/2024
– Royal Decree 150/2023
22.13 Emissions Trading System
22.14 Guarantees of Origin (GOs)
23 Renewable Energy Policy, Sweden
23.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
23.2 Yearly Highlights
23.3 Policy Snapshot
23.4 Renewable Energy Targets
23.5 National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP)
23.6 Climate Act and Climate Policy Framework
23.7 National Recovery and Resilience Plan
23.8 Hydrogen Energy
23.9 Electricity Certificate Scheme
23.10 Removal of the Building Permit for Solar Systems
23.11 Carbon Tax
23.12 Financial Incentives
24 Renewable Energy Policy, Switzerland
24.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
24.2 Policy Snapshot
24.3 Renewable Energy Targets
24.4 Electricity Supply Act (ESA)
– Federal Act on a Secure Electricity Supply from Renewable Energy Sources
24.5 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)
24.6 Climate and Innovation Act
24.7 CO₂ Act
24.8 Energy Strategy 2050
24.9 Financial Incentives Schemes
– Feed-in tariff (FiT) scheme
– Einmalvergütung (EIV) scheme
– Winter Electricity Bonus
– Floating Market Premium
24.10 National Hydrogen Strategy
24.11 Swiss Energy Research for the Energy Transition (SWEET)
24.12 Risk Guarantee Scheme for Geothermal Power Projects
24.13 Auctions
– Hohe Einmalvergütung (HEIV)
– Gleitende Marktprämie (GMP)
– Auction Analysis
24.14 Guarantees of Origin
25 Renewable Energy Policy, Turkiye
25.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
25.2 Policy Snapshot
25.3 Renewable Energy Target
25.4 Electricity Market Law
25.5 Roadmap for Renewable Energy
– Offshore Wind Roadmap
25.6 National Energy Plan 2023-2035
25.7 Omnibus Law (Law No. 7257)
25.8 Nationally Determined Condition (NDC)
25.9 YEKDEM
25.10 Renewable Energy Auctions
25.11 Hydrogen Energy
25.12 Energy Storage
25.13 Tax & Financial Incentives
– Presidential Decree No. 9903
– KOSGEB & Regional Grants
25.14 Renewable Energy Certificate (REC)
25.15 Emission Trading System (ETS)
26 Renewable Energy Policy, UK
26.1 Renewable Energy Market, Overview
26.2 Yearly Highlights
26.3 Policy Snapshot
26.4 Renewable Energy Targets
26.5 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)
26.6 Climate Change Act
26.7 The Clean Growth Strategy
26.8 Energy Act 2023
26.9 Hydrogen Strategy
– Hydrogen Production Delivery Roadmap
– Hydrogen Allocation Rounds (HARs)
26.10 The Prime Minister’s Ten Point Plan 2020
– Powering our Net Zero Future: White Paper
26.11 Renewable Energy Guarantees of Origin (REGO)
26.12 Contracts for Difference (CfD)
26.13 Carbon Price Floor (CPF) and Carbon Price Support (CPS)
– Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)
26.14 Climate Change Levy
26.15 Smart Metering
26.16 Smart Export Guarantee (SEG)
26.17 Renewable Energy Incentives in Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales
– Northern Ireland
– Scotland
– Wales
26.18 British Energy Security Strategy
– Review of Electricity Market Arrangements (REMA)
– Package of support for innovative energy
27 Appendix
27.1 Abbreviations
27.2 Methodology
– Coverage
– Secondary Research
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