Merck & Co Inc (Merck) is a biopharmaceutical company that provides health solutions through prescription medicines, biologic therapies, vaccines, and animal health products. The company operates primarily in the pharmaceutical and animal health industries, serving human health and veterinary markets.

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Merck is focused on advancing research and development (R&D) across various therapeutic areas, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, infectious diseases, neurosciences, immunology, ophthalmology, respiratory diseases, and vaccines. The company aims to develop breakthrough science and address unmet medical needs. Merck employs data science, artificial intelligence, and green chemistry principles to enhance its R&D processes. Merck maintains long-term exploratory and fundamental research programs in biology and chemistry, alongside product development efforts. The company is committed to enhancing its pipeline through acquisitions, licensing, and external alliances, covering the entire spectrum from early research to late-stage compounds. Merck's clinical pipeline includes candidates in multiple disease areas such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, infectious diseases, neurosciences, immunology, ophthalmology, respiratory diseases, and vaccines. As of Decemner 2025, the company had more than 30 programs in Phase III clinical trials, over 50 programs in Phase II trials, and more than 5 programs under review. The company operates several long-term exploratory and fundamental research initiatives in biology and chemistry, in addition to programs focused on product development. Its R&D aims to enhance productivity and increase the likelihood of success by concentrating resources on candidates that are expected to offer clear, marketable benefits to patients and payers. This strategy also seeks to maximize the value of its approved medicines and vaccines through new indications and formulations. Merck is actively exploring new product opportunities across various therapeutic areas and modalities. Merck’s R&D activities are managed through various specialized units located in key global locations. These units focus on discovery research, clinical development, and manufacturing. The company operates its R&D facilities in the US, China, the UK, and Switzerland. In FY2025, the company spent US$15,789 million on R&D, which as a percentage of revenue, stood at 24.3%. As of December 31, 2025, the company employed approximately 24,700 people in its research activities. Some of its pipeline products in Phase III include MK-0616, an oral PCSK9 inhibitor for high cholesterol; patritumab deruxtecan (MK-1022) for hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer; and MK-1084 (calderasib), a KRAS G12C inhibitor for colorectal cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. In Phase II, the company is advancing tulisokibart (MK-7240), an anti-TL1A monoclonal antibody intended for ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, and other immune-mediated illnesses; raludotatug deruxtecan (MK-59091) for a range of cancer types; and efinopegdutide (MK-6024) for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). During Phase I, the company is advancing MK-1084, which has demonstrated antitumor activity in advanced colorectal cancer and non-small cell lung cancer in a first-in-human study; favezelimab (MK-4280), an anti-LAG-3 antibody, is being tested in Phase 1 together with pembrolizumab for cancers like gastric and colorectal.