JD.com Inc (JD) is a Chinese supply chain-based technology and service provider that operates e-commerce, logistics, healthcare, industrial supply chain, and infrastructure-related businesses. The company provides online retail services through mobile applications and the www.jd.com platform, offering a broad selection of products and services to consumers primarily in China. JD focuses on retail, logistics, technology, healthcare, industrial supply chain services, and modern infrastructure operations, supported by its proprietary technology platform and nationwide fulfillment network.

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JD's research and development activities focus on enhancing its supply chain and technology capabilities through artificial intelligence (AI), big data, cloud computing, and intelligent logistics. In FY2025, the company expanded the use of AI across customer service, marketing, supply chain management, and operational processes. It also continued developing AI-based products and platforms, including AI agents and digital human technologies, while advancing logistics automation through smart warehouses, robotics, and autonomous delivery solutions. JD maintains a substantial intellectual property portfolio to support its technology development. As of December 31, 2025, the company owned over 9,600 software copyrights, approximately 13,000 granted patents in China and over 1,100 granted patents outside China, and more than 35,400 trademark registrations in China and 6,400 trademark registrations internationally. It also had significant numbers of pending patents and trademark applications and owned over 9,900 domain names globally. These intellectual property assets support the company’s technology platforms, logistics systems, software development, and brand protection activities. In FY2025, the company incurred expenses of CNY22,229 million on R&D, which as a percentage of revenue, stood at 1.7%.